From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from )
For the crime, see . For other uses, see .
Grand Theft Auto is an the later titles of which were created by brothers
and Aaron Garbut. It is primarily developed by
(formerly DMA Design), and published by . The name of the series references the term used in the US for .
Most games in the series are set in fictional locales modelled on American cities, usually either Liberty City, Vice City, or San Andreas, which are stand-ins for New York City, Miami, and the state of California, respectively. The first game encompassed three fictional cities, while subsequent titles tend to emphasise a single city and its outlying areas.
focuses on an
where the player can choose missions to progress an overall story, as well as engaging in side activities, all consisting of , , , occasional , , and
elements. The series also has elements of the earlier
games from the . The series has gained controversy for its
nature and
themes. The series focuses around many different protagonists who attempt to rise through the ranks of the criminal underworld, although their motives for doing so vary in each game. The antagonists are commonly characters who have betrayed the protagonist or his organisation, or characters who have the most impact impeding the protagonist's progress. With its British origin, the series contains
and humour.
British video game developer
began the series in . As of 2014, it has eleven stand-alone games and four . The third chronological title, , was widely acclaimed, as it brought the series to a 3D setting and more immersive experience, and is considered a landmark title that has subsequently influenced many other open world action games and led to the label "" on similar games. Subsequent titles would follow and build upon the concept established in Grand Theft Auto III and the series has continued receiving significant acclaim ever since. Film and music veterans have voiced characters, including , , , , , , , and . The series has been critically acclaimed and commercially successful, having shipped , as of September 2015.
ranked the GTA series among Britain's most successful exports.
Home release
DMA Design
Fire OS
Fire OS
Fire OS
Rockstar North
Xbox 360
Rockstar Leeds
Fire OS
Rockstar North
Xbox 360
Xbox 360
1. Available on PlayStation 3 as part of the
line via the .
2. Available on PlayStation 4 as part of
via the PlayStation Network.
3. Originally available on PlayStation 3 as part of the PlayStation 2 Classics line via the PlayStation Network, but later replaced with a HD native release.
4. Originally available on Xbox 360 as part of the
line via the , but later replaced with a HD native release.
Timeline of releases
The Grand Theft Auto series is split into separate , named after the primary level of graphics capability used in each era. The original , its expansions and its sequel are considered the "2D universe". Grand Theft Auto III and its sequels are considered the "3D universe". Grand Theft Auto IV, its expansions and Grand Theft Auto V are considered the "HD universe". Each universe is considered separate with only brands, place names and background characters shared between them.
, the first game in the series, was released for
in October 1997, ported to the
in 1998 and the
was released in 1999 for Microsoft Windows, later receiving ports on the PlayStation,
and Game Boy Color.
also featured three instalments of the main series, all of which have been re-released
a deal between
resulted in their timed exclusivity on the PlayStation 2, before receiving ports to Microsoft Windows and the . The 2001 title
moved away from the
used in the the game features
characters on
backgrounds.
was published in 2002, and was the first to feature a speaking protagonist, voiced by . , released in 2004, introduced various new elements, including character customisation and a large map encompassing three cities and surrounding rural area.
Two main instalments were published for the
and . The 2008 title
focused on realism and detail, removing various customisation features, while adding an
mode. , published in 2013, featured three playable protagonists. It was released to massive financial success, breaking multiple records. It was later
with various enhancements, in 2014 for the
and , and in 2015 for Microsoft Windows.
Grand Theft Auto has spawned numerous additional games and . In 1999, the original game received two expansion packs:
and . , released in 2004 for the , featured a . Three games were released for the . The 2005 game
is a prequel to Grand Theft Auto III, while the 2006 game
is a prequel to Vice City; both games were later ported to the PlayStation 2. In 2009,
was released for the , and later ported to the PlayStation Portable. In 2009,
were released for the
as expansion packs to Grand Theft Auto IV; a "" between Rockstar and
resulted in the timed exclusivity. They were later released on Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 and Microsoft Windows as part of an expansion pack, titled .
Numerous titles in the series have received ports to
devices. Chinatown Wars was released for
in 2010 and for
in 2014. For their tenth anniversaries, Grand Theft Auto III and Vice City were both re-released for iOS and Android in 2011 and 2012, respectively. In 2013, San Andreas was ported to iOS, Android & Windows Phone and RT ; the mobile port was later re-released for Xbox 360 in 2014, the year of the game's tenth anniversary. In 2015 Liberty City Stories was ported to iOS, Android & Fire OS.
The series has been expanded into various other formats. Jacked: The Outlaw Story of Grand Theft Auto, a book written by
chronicling the development of the series, was published in 2012. In March 2015,
announced , a 90-minute
based on the creation of Grand Theft Auto, Directed by Owen Harris and written by James Wood, the drama will star
as Rockstar president
as disbarred attorney . In May 2015, Rockstar filed a lawsuit against the BBC for trademark infringement, stating that they had no involvement with the development of the film and had unsuccessfully tried to contact the BBC to resolve the matter. It first aired on 15 September 2015 on .
published The Meaning and Culture of Grand Theft Auto. Compiled by , the 264-page book is a collection of essays regarding the Grand Theft Auto series, to help audiences better understand the games and to make a point about due diligence of game criticism. The book is divided into two parts: the first part discusses the controversies surrounding the series, while the second half takes a theoretical look at the games absent of the controversy.
Each game in this series allows players to take on the role of a criminal in the big city, typically an individual who plans to rise through the ranks of
through the course of the game. The player is given various missions by kingpins and major idols in the city underworld which must be completed to progress through the storyline. Assassinations and other
are featured regularly. Occasionally
driving, , , , or learning to fly
are also involved in the game.
In later titles, notably those released after , the player is given a more developed storyline in which they are forced to overcome an unfortunate event (e.g., being betrayed and left for dead), which serves as motivation for the character to advance up the criminal ladder and ultimately leads to the triumph of the character by the end of the storyline.
The Grand Theft Auto series belongs to a genre of free-roaming role-playing video games called
games, and grants a large amount of freedom to the player. Traditional action games are structured as a single track series of levels with , but in Grand Theft Auto the player can determine the missions that they want to undertake, and their relationship with various characters are changed based on these choices. Influenced by the earlier game , the cities of the games can be roamed freely at any point in the game, and are examples of
video game environments which offer accessible buildings with minor missions in addition to the main storyline. There are exceptions: missions follow a linear, overarching plot, and some city areas must be unlocked over the course of the game.
Grand Theft Auto III and subsequent games have more voice acting and radio stations, which simulate driving to music with disc jockeys, radio personalities, , , , and American culture.
The use of vehicles in an explorable urban environment provides a basic simulation of a working city, complete with pedestrians who generally obey traffic signals. Further details are used to flesh out an open-ended atmosphere that has been used in several other games, such as , which has less emphasis on crime or violence, and , which reverses the roles of police officer and criminal, although the player goes undercover in gangs for a portion of the game.
Criminal activities in Grand Theft Auto games do not go unnoticed by the police. As the player engages in these in-game illegal activities, they may gain a "wanted level", represented by a maximum of five or six stars. A small crime, such as running over a non-player character, may create a one star wanted level situation, while shooting an officer may earn more stars. As the number of stars increase, the amount and strength of the re a single star might have a few police cars chase after the player, while at 5 or 6 stars, tanks and attack helicopters will chase down the player. Many in-game missions will automatically give the player a wanted level after completing a certain event which they must then get rid of before the mission is complete. Often, trying to keep away from the police while wanted will cause the player to gain even higher wanted levels. The player can remove their character's wanted level by avoiding detection or spending in-game money at specific locations to elude the police (such as a mod shop to repaint their car). Alternatively, if the player-character dies, they will respawn at a home or hospital and the wanted level will be removed, though the player may lose money, guns, and other benefits they had before being chased. The "wanted level" gameplay concept has become common in other GTA Clones and similar open-world games.
The Grand Theft Auto series is set in a fictional version of the world, in a number of different time periods. The original
introduced three main cities: Liberty City, based upon , Vice City, based upon , and , based upon mostly parts of . In the first Grand Theft Auto game, San Andreas was based on San Francisco and parts of Las Vegas. Expansion packs later set the game in London.
The second entry in the franchise, , set the game in the future in a locale named "Anywhere City".
Subsequent games in the series have re-imagined and expanded upon the original locales.
is set in a different rendition of Liberty City only loosely based on New York City. A revised Vice City and San Andreas are depicted in
and , respectively, the latter of which takes the form of an entire state, instead of a single city. The state of San Andreas is based on the states of
and , and consists of three major cities:
(), San Fierro (), and Las Venturas (). Surrounding towns and areas of desert, water, woodland, and countryside lie between the three cities. The GTA III rendition of Liberty City is also briefly featured during one mission.
and , originally released on the
handheld console and later reissued for other consoles, are set in the previous depictions of their respective
cities, but in different decades. The maps for the two cities remain the same, with some differences in terms of buildings and geography to reflect the different time periods.
and its subsequent expansion packs
are set in a third revision of Liberty City, set in 2008, which is a closer analogue to New York City and its boroughs than the GTA III version.
is also set in this version of Liberty City, although the Alderney portion of the map is not present.
, released in 2013, is set in a revised depiction of San Andreas that features Los Santos () to the south and the rural Blaine County to the north. It includes revised landmarks such as the "Vinewood" sign (instead of ), Rockford Hills (instead of ), Del Perro Pier (instead of ), Los Santos International Airport (LSX) (instead of LAX), Los Santos Golf Club (instead of .), and Galileo Observatory (instead of ). The game also features the town of Ludendorff in the fictional state of North Yankton. Los Angeles was extensively researched for Grand Theft Auto V. The team organised field research trips with tour guides and architectural historians and captured around 250,000 photos and hours of video footage during these visits. Since the release of the game, hundreds of in-game buildings have been identified as being based on real-world landmarks. 's Sam Sweet notes that, with sales of game reaching thirteen million copies, "there will be more people living in the imaginary state of Los Santos than in the real city on which it was modelled."
In both Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas and Grand Theft Auto V, Los Santos and the state of San Andreas are depicted as being on an island an undetermined distance from the US mainland. In both games it is possible to circumnavigate the state by boat. Similarly, the versions of Liberty City and Alderney in Grand Theft Auto IV and expansion packs are also completely located on islands, as is Vice City. The GTA III rendition of Liberty City however, while mostly island, is connected to mainland on its Northwest corner (a region the player cannot navigate).[]
Only the expansion packs for the original Grand Theft Auto,
and , set in , have featured a location outside the United States and used a real-life location.
The series has included a wide variety of . The original , its
and , as well as
did not feature any voice credited to specific roles. The first game in the series to do so was
which, despite a limited budget and the series' low profile at the time, featured several notable actors from film and television. These included ,
and , who all had prominent roles. At the time it was rare for a video game to use such high-profile actors, and Grand Theft Auto III is considered a pioneer in doing so. The next game, , featured more film actors, including
as the player character. Although the following title, , also featured many notable film actors—such as ,
and —it had been decided that the use of such actors should be reduced, particularly for leading roles. As a result, many of the prominent roles in San Andreas were voiced by lower profile actors or rappers.[]
through to , the series has continued using lesser known actors to voice main characters, but still uses celebrities and real-life radio personalities to voice the DJs of the many radio stations featured in each game. Some games also feature celebrities portraying themselves, such as , ,
Former lawyer
has been involved in a number of attempts to get families of murder victims to hold the Grand Theft Auto series accountable for the death of their loved ones. Due to his conduct in this and related cases, Thompson was
in 2008 and was fined more than $100,000 by the
Association.
On 20 October 2003, the families of Aaron Hamel and Kimberly Bede, two young people shot by teens William and Josh Buckner (who in statements to investigators claimed their actions were inspired by Grand Theft Auto III) filed a US$246 million lawsuit against publishers ,
Software, retailer , and PlayStation 2 manufacturer . Rockstar and its parent company, Take-Two, filed for dismissal of the lawsuit, stating in
on 29 October 2003 that the "ideas and concepts as well as the 'purported psychological effects' on the Buckners are protected by the
free-speech clause". The lawyer of the victims, Jack Thompson, denied that, but failed in his attempt to move the lawsuit into a state court and under 's consumer protection act. Two days later, the plaintiffs filed a Notice of Voluntary Dismissal, and the case was closed.
In February 2005, a
was brought upon the makers and distributors of the Grand Theft Auto series claiming the games caused a teenager to shoot and kill three members of the
police force. The shooting took place in June 2003 when , 17 years old at the time, was taken in for questioning by police in
regarding a stolen vehicle. Moore then grabbed a pistol from one of the police officers and shot and killed him along with another officer and dispatcher before fleeing in a police car. One of Moore's attorneys, Jack Thompson, claimed it was Grand Theft Auto's graphic nature—with his constant playing time—that caused Moore to commit the murders, and Moore's family agrees. Damages were being sought from branches of
in , the stores from which Grand Theft Auto III and Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, respectively, were purchased and also from the games' publisher , and the
manufacturer . On 29 March 2006 the case was dismissed and permission to appeal was denied.
In May 2005, Thompson appeared via satellite on the
program on 's . Thompson mentioned Devin Moore and said regarding
"There's no doubt in my mind [...] that but for Devin Moore's training on this cop killing simulator, he would not have been able to kill three cops in
who are now dead and in the ground. We are suing , , , and
for having trained Devin Moore to kill. He had no history of violence. No criminal record."
In September 2006, Thompson brought another lawsuit, claiming that Cody Posey played the game obsessively before murdering his father Delbert Paul Posey, stepmother Tryone Schmid, and stepsister Marilea Schmid on a ranch in . The suit was filed on behalf of the victims' families. During the criminal trial, Posey's defence team argued he was abused by his father, and tormented by his stepmother. Posey was also taking
at the time of the killings. The suit alleged that were it not for his obsessive playing of Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, the murders would not have taken place. Named in the suit were Cody Posey, Rockstar Games, Take-Two Interactive, and Sony. The suit asked for US$600 million in damages.
Several celebrities have sued Rockstar Games and/or Take-Two Interactive for violating their
rights, including hip-hop artist , Karen Gravano of , and actress .
According to The Guinness World Records 2008 and 2009 Gamer's Edition, it is the most controversial video game series in history, with over 4,000 articles published about it, which include accusations of
violence, corrupting gamers, and connection to real life crimes.
The game was controversial from the very first incarnation of the series.
was condemned in Britain, Germany, and France due to its "extreme violence", and Brazil banned it outright.
planted sensational stories in
in order to help sell the first game.
The controversies flared up again with , since the 3D graphics made the violence more realistic, and players could pay the services of prostitutes to recover their health, and if they wished, killing them to get some of their money back.
There is also criticism from the focus on illegal activities in comparison with traditional "heroic" roles that other games offer. The main character can commit a wide variety of crimes and violent acts while dealing with only temporary consequences, including the killing of policemen and military personnel.
The sixth game in the series, , also came under criticism. One mission in particular, in which the player must instigate a
between Haitian and Cuban gangs, has been controversial. Haitian and Cuban anti-defamation groups criticised the game.
Jean-Robert Lafortune of the Haitian American Grassroots Coalition is quoted as saying that "The game shouldn't be designed to destroy human life, it shouldn't be designed to destroy an ethnic group," for this and similar scenarios, including lines in the game's script such as "kill the Haitian dickheads" said by character "Diaz" during an altercation between the player and a Haitian gang. After the threat of a lawsuit by the Haitian-American Grassroots Coalition, Rockstar removed the word "Haitians" from this phrase in the game's subtitles.
Main article:
San Andreas was criticised initially due to its "gangster" elements, which include drugs, prostitution, but later due to the discovery of disabled interactive sex scenes, nicknamed Hot Coffee, which was a sexual
that was cut from the game, but remained in the game code, which was discovered in both the console and
versions of the game. Dubbed the "", the minigame allowed players to have sex with their in-game girlfriends.
After the release of ,
managed to find the unused code in the game and released
as well as a
version through the use of an
code enabling the player to engage in these sexual mini-games (dubbed "Hot Coffee" in reference to a euphemism for sex used in the game). These mini-games were left partially intact in the game's code. This prompted application of an AO (Adults Only)
rating to the version of the game containing the leftover code. Take-Two Interactive was forced to re-release the game in order to restore the M (Mature) rating. A class action lawsuit against Take-Two was also filed as a result of the "Hot Coffee" code.
Main article:
One of the controversies involved with this game was 's (MADD) criticism of the ability to
as a new feature. MADD had even requested
to change the rating of the game from "M" for ages seventeen and up to "AO", for adults only, because they felt it was inappropriate for children, even at the age of seventeen, to experience drunk driving in such a manner. In the final game, drunk driving is a playable event, but it is a crime that automatically generates a wanted rating and main playable character
loudly (and drunkenly) proclaims that it is a "bad idea" and that he "should know better".
Notably, it is impossible to drive while drunk in , The Lost and Damned and The Ballad of Gay Tony. These were released after the criticism. It is, however, possible to drive drunk again in the successor, Grand Theft Auto V.
expansion pack was condemned by US parents group Common Sense Media who issued a public warning against the pack's content due to a full-frontal
scene during one of the cutscenes. They claimed the game was "more controversial than its predecessors" because it featured "full frontal male nudity".
There has been some controversy over a drug dealing minigame along with comments that some Nintendo games are being aimed at children (despite the fact that the game was rated Mature). The drug dealing mini-game allows players to peddle six types of drugs around the city, but the profit the player makes depends on market conditions, which will be based on the area in which they deal, and the level of regular service this area receives from them.
Nintendo wanted us to make Grand Theft Auto, and we wanted to make a game on their platform. They didn't want us to make a Grand Theft Auto for kids, and we weren't interested in making a game we wouldn't normally make.
— Dan Houser
The mission "By the Book" involves a sequence wherein players use torture techniques including
to interrogate a man.
Main article:
A segment in the latest instalment caused controversy for scenes containing player initiated torture. The mission "By the Book" features graphic depictions of kneecapping, electrocution, dental extraction and waterboarding, and the player is required to perform the acts in order to progress in the game.
UK-based charity
publicly condemned the use of torture scenes in Grand Theft Auto V. The organisation who work to rehabilitate survivors of torture, joined other human rights charities who were outraged at a torture scene in the game in which the players have to pull teeth and electrocute an unarmed man in order to extract information. The charity's CEO Keith Best stated: “Rockstar North has crossed a line by effectively forcing people to take on the role of a torturer and perform a series of unspeakable acts if they want to achieve success in the game."
The game has also been accused of sexism. The
considered the game's satirical portrayals of women uncreative, and added that violent and sexist themes hurt the game experience. Edge noted that while "every female in the game exists solely to be sneered, leered or laughed at", it treated its all-male lead characters in a similar vein through their stereotyped tendencies towards violence. , Rockstar Games co-founder, felt that the development team sometimes overlooked their portrayal of women in Grand Theft Auto games, but that the weight towards male characters "fit with the story we wanted to tell".
Ever since 2001, the Grand Theft Auto series has been a major success, both critically and financially. It has generated perfect or near perfect reviews and scores on alm by September 2013, the series sold over 150 million copies worldwide, and as of August 2015, Grand Theft Auto shipped over 220 million units worldwide.
reported that Grand Theft Auto IV recorded 609,000 copies in the UK on its first day of release. In its first week, Grand Theft Auto IV sold approximately 6 million copies worldwide and grossed over $500 million.
In 2006, Grand Theft Auto was voted one of Britain's top 10 designs among Concorde, Red Telephone Boxes, Catseyes, The Underground, Mini, Tomb Raider and the World Wide Web.
The series has broken several records, resulting in Guinness World Records awarding the series 10 world records in the Gamer's Edition 2008. These records include Most Guest Stars in a Video Game Series, Largest Voice Cast in a Video Game (Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas), Largest In-Game Soundtrack (Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas) as well as Most Successful Entertainment Launch of All Time (Grand Theft Auto V). Guinness World Records also ranked Grand Theft Auto in third place on their list of top 50 console games of all time based on initial impact and lasting legacy. Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas is listed as the most successful game on the PlayStation 2 according to The Guinness World Records 2009 Gamer's Edition.
Grand Theft Auto III, San Andreas and Vice City currently lie at the 2nd, 5th and 6th highest rated PlayStation 2 games on , respectively, while Chinatown Wars is rated the best game on the Nintendo DS and the second best on the , and Grand Theft Auto IV is currently rated the second best game ever, with a score of 98, only trailing behind . Also, Vice City, Grand Theft Auto III, San Andreas, Grand Theft Auto IV and Grand Theft Auto V lie at 11th, 24th, 27th, 93rd and 2nd best PC games of all time, on Metacritic. Along with this, The Lost and Damned and The Ballad of Gay Tony are currently placed 35th and 59th in the top Xbox 360 games.
Acquired label(s)
1 million+
PS1 Greatest Hits
17.5 million
PS2 Greatest Hits, Platinum
20 million
PS2 Greatest Hits, Platinum
27.5 million
PS2 Greatest Hits, Platinum
PS3 Greatest Hits
Xbox 360 Platinum Hits
PSP Greatest Hits, Platinum
PS2 Platinum
4.5 million
PSP Greatest Hits, Platinum
PS2 Platinum
25 million+
PS3 Greatest Hits, Platinum
Xbox 360 Platinum Hits
1 million+
PSP Greatest Hits
PS3 Greatest Hits
Xbox 360 Platinum Hits
70 million
Total series sales: 235 million+
The release of
is treated as a major event in the , much like the release of
nearly a decade earlier.
During interviews to mark the 10th anniversary of the release of Grand Theft Auto III, producer of the Street Fighter series, , said "It would be no exaggeration to say that Grand Theft Auto III changed the industry, and we can basically separate the time before and after its emergence as distinct eras." In the same article Bethesda studios director, Todd Howard, said "The mark of a truly great game is how many people try to recapture or emulate it and fail. There's a long line behind this one."
Subsequent games that follow this formula of driving and shooting have been called "Grand Theft Auto clones". Some reviewers even extended this label to the , even though this series began years before the release of Grand Theft Auto III. Grand Theft Auto clones are a type of
, where players are given the ability to drive any vehicle or fire any weapon as they explore an . These games often incorporate violent and criminal themes. Notable games that are comparable to Grand Theft Auto are , , , , , ,
. IGN. 28 March .
(12 May 2011). Retrieved on 6 September 2012.
. Gamesindustry.biz. 22 October .
. The Telegraph. 17 September 2015.
Orland, Kyle (14 September 2011). .
Haywald, Justin (August 21, 2015). . .
Rockstar. . Rockstar: The “universes” are the worlds interpreted at different definitions, 2D, 3D and high definition, so we felt brands and radio / back ground characters would exist in both, but 3 dimensional characters would not.
Yoshida, Shuhei (4 December 2015). . .
Harradence, Michael (16 November 2015). .
Makuch, Eddie (23 October 2014). . .
Usher, William (14 March 2015). . Cinema Blend 2015.
Walker, Trey (21 May 2002). . .
Moses, Travis (23 January 2008). . . Archived from
on 21 July .
McLaughlin, R Thomas, Lucas M. (6 May 2013). . . . p. 3 2015.
McLaughlin, R Thomas, Lucas M. (6 May 2013). . . . p. 4 2015.
McWhertor, Michael (2 August 2007). . .
R* Q (16 September 2013). .
Karmali, Luke (9 October 2013). . IGN 2013.
R* Q (12 September 2014). . Rockstar Newswire.
Robert Purchese (22 June 2009). . Eurogamer.net 2009.
Ashcraft, Brian (29 January 2010). . .
R* Q (18 December 2014). . Rockstar Newswire.
. Rockstar Games. 21 November .
Johnson, Leif (18 December 2013). . IGN 2014.
Makuch, Eddie (23 October 2014). . .
Vas, Gergo (17 December 2015). .
Fingas, Roger (17 December 2015). .
GameSpot Staff (1 March 2012). . .
Makuch, Eddie (12 March 2015). . .
Makuch, Eddie (22 April 2015). . . .
from the original on 23 April .
Krupa, Daniel (21 May 2015). . . . Archived from
on 23 May .
Rymer, Barbara. .
Dredge, Stuart. . TechDigest 2015.
Quijano-Cruz, Johansen. . Eludamos. Journal for Computer Game Culture 2015.
Retrorevival: Turbo Esprit,
issue 20, page 48. , 2006.
Charlie Brooker's Gameswipe, , 2009. "Grand Theft Auto ... directly inspired by the pioneering Spectrum game Turbo Esprit"
Goldstein, Hilary (28 March 2008). .
Goldstein, Hilary (29 April 2008). . . .
from the original on 13 September .
Reparaz, Mike (1 April 2009). . .
Rockstar Games . Retrieved 26 November 2012.
Bernstein, Joseph (13 August 2013). .
. 1 December .
Sweet, Sam (20 September 2013). .
(PDF). . 1997.
(PDF). . 1999.
. London: . .
, , 25 September 2008
, , 9 July 2008
. CNN. Archived from
on 3 May .
. GameSpot 2006.
. GameSpot 2006.
. ABC News. 7 March 2005. Archived from
on 7 March 2005.
. GameSpot 2006.
Reeves, Jay "". Associated Press, 29 March 2006.
YouTube. Retrieved 7 May 2008.
. The Albuquerque Tribune 2006.
. . 25 September 2006. Archived from
on 11 October .
. CourtTV. Archived from
on 2 May .
. ABQnewsSeeker 2006.
. Joystiq. 27 September .
Staff (11 October 2013). .
Jackson, Mike (27 February 2014). .
. . . 2 July .
(ed.). Guinness World Records 2009 Gamer's Edition. pp. 108–109.  .
gamesindustry.biz (11 September 2003). . The Register 2009.
McLaughlin, R Thomas, Lucas M. (6 May 2013). .
Peter Ross (27 April 2008). .
Sam Gibson (29 October 2004). . Play.tm
. GameSpot 2008.
. IGN 2008.
. Gamasutra 2008.
Sinclair, Brendan (30 April 2008). .
Grand Theft Auto IV, Xbox 360/PlayStation 3 release.
. Attack of the Fanboy. 21 August .
. <. 21 February 2009.
Langshaw, Mark (24 April 2011). . Digital Spy 2011.
L.B. Jeffries. .
. . 24 September .
. MaxConsole. 25 September .
Alex Hern (18 September 2013). .
Martin Bagot (17 September 2013). . Mirror.co.uk 2013.
. Mirror.co.uk. 17 September .
Martens, Todd (20 September 2013). . .
Edge Staff (November 2013). . .
(259): 85–88.
Suellentrop, Chris (16 September 2013). .
Stephen McGinty (20 September 2013). .
Sabbagh, Dan. , The Times, 1 May 2008
Franklin Paul (7 May 2008). . Reuters 2008.
Ivan, Tom (28 February 2009). .
. . 27 October .
. Metacritic.
. . 27 October .
Kushner, David (2012). "Chapter 7: Gang Warfare". Jacked: The Outlaw Story of Grand Theft Auto. Wiley. p.&#160;59. &#160;. By 1999, GTA had sold more than a million copies worldwide but remained little more than a culty underground anomaly.
. Web.archive.org (8 April 2008). Retrieved on 6 September 2012.
(15 September 2011). Retrieved on 6 September 2012.
. Corporate-ir.net (26 September 2007). Retrieved on 6 September 2012.
. . 27 November .
by Kris Graft (6 March 2009)
(6 March 2009). Retrieved on 6 September 2012.
thorsen-ink. .
by Tor Thorsen (11 December 2009)
G. Macy, Seth (2 November 2016). . .
Issue 138 p.73
. GamesRadar (18 October 2011). Retrieved on 6 September 2012.
Jeff Gerstmann (14 March 2006). . GameSpot 2016.
Jonathan Parkyn (18 April 2006). . Personal Computer World 2008.
Steve Tilley (1 April 2007). .
Sam Bishop (16 May 2003). . IGN 2008.
Will Tuttle (30 August 2006). . GameSpy 2008.
Blake Snow (30 January 2008). . GamePro. Archived from
on 1 February .
. EuroGamer. 27 March .
Douglass C. Perry, ,
IGN, 28 August 2006
Chris Roper, , , 6 October 2006
, IGN, 31 October 2003
. . 3 November .
Independent.ie , Monday 9 June 2014
. . 27 August .
. Metro News. 17 November .
Lemne, Bengt (26 August 2010). . Gamereactor UK 2015.
Totilo, Stephen (9 January 2009). . Kotaku 2015.
(2006). . Jefferson, North Carolina, United States: . &#160;.
(2012). Jacked: The Outlaw Story of Grand Theft Auto. Hoboken, New Jersey, United States: . &#160;. &#160;.
Grand Theft Auto series
: Hidden categories:}