血液中乙醇含量为248.9320mg/100ml是什么程度的醉酒_百度知道
血液中乙醇含量为248.9320mg/100ml是什么程度的醉酒
提问者采纳
所见都为双份;阶段，由公安机关交通管理部门约束至酒醒;100ml适宜取钱;100ml处于亢奋和失控之间;100ml—700mg&#47、微酣100mg&#47、弗洛伊德期，全凭下意识400mg&#47，也叫不省人事，并处二百元以上五百元以下罚款，小于80mg&#47.9320mg/100ml进入胡话期，不知死活、打人或被人打
3。饮酒后驾驶机动车的;100ml
1，进入&quot.9320mg&#47；醉酒后驾驶机动车的。要求犯罪，随意发布命令，以为自己是说一不二的领导人
4，不知痛痒！如果出了什么事故99%是全责，死即生600mg/100ml的驾驶行为;100ml—500mg&#47、失控300mg/100ml，处暂扣一个月以上三个月以下机动车驾驶证，也叫立地成佛，生就是死！如果这是开车可有的罚了;100ml248！即亢奋又有些失控;100ml是醉酒驾驶机动车标准的3倍！饮酒驾车是指车辆驾驶人员血液中的酒精含量大于或者等于20mg/100ml自我操作能力消失，并处五百元以上二千元以下罚款、亢奋200mg&#47，科长会初步觉得自己是处长
2。248;超现实主义&quot。已经是处长、沉醉，处十五日以下拘留和暂扣三个月以上六个月以下机动车驾驶证
如果是摩托车呢？！并且没出什么大事故只是压死了一条狗，和狗主人已经私下解决，但是交警介入了很严重么？！
涉嫌违章驾驶和私不私了无关！如果这是首次醉酒后驾车，这个事倒不大！这个以上醉酒后驾驶机动车的罪是免不了的！ 一般是 取中间值 拘留7天
罚1000，也有可能不拘留，只罚钱！这看你的“态度”了！！如果是累犯，就有点麻烦了！可能终生禁驾！
已经步入司法渠道，那最严重的后果是什么？一般是个什么情况，万分感谢！~
严重，拘留十五日 罚2000
扣证180天 如果是多次醉酒驾驶终生禁驾
扣证90天 量刑主要看你的态度！！是有一定弹性的！
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tank you~~感谢您的耐心解答~~
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出门在外也不愁From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Diclo" redirects here. For the organic solvent sometimes called Di-clo, see .
Diclofenac (; see
below) is a
(NSAID) taken or applied to reduce
reducing pain in certain conditions. It is supplied as or contained in medications under a variety of trade names.
The name "diclofenac" derives from its chemical name: 2-(2,6-dichloranilino) phenylacetic acid. Diclofenac was first synthesized by Alfred Sallmann and Rudolf Pfister and introduced as Voltaren by Ciba-Geigy (now ) in 1973.
In the United Kingdom, United States, India, and Brazil diclofenac may be supplied in China, it is most often supplied as the sodium salt, while in some other countries it is only available as the potassium salt. Diclofenac is available as a generic drug in a number of formulations, including diclofenac , which is applied topically.
(OTC) use is approved in some countries for minor aches and pains and fever associated with common infections.
Diclofenac is used to treat , inflammatory disorders, and .
Voltaren (diclofenac) 50 mg
Inflammatory disorders may include musculoskeletal complaints, especially , , , , , dental pain, , , ,
attacks, and
in cases of
and . An additional indication is the treatment of acute migraines. Diclofenac is used commonly to treat mild to moderate postoperative or post-traumatic pain, in particular when inflammation is also present, and is effective against menstrual pain and .
As long-term use of diclofenac and similar NSAIDs predisposes for , many patients at risk for this complication are prescribed
- a combination of diclofenac and , a synthetic prostaglandin () analogue, to protect the stomach lining.[]
Arthrotec (diclofenac and ) 50-mg tablets
Diclofenac is also available in topical forms for the treatment of conditions such as , , and acute pain caused by minor strains, sprains, and contusions (bruises).
In many countries, eye drops are sold to treat acute and chronic nonbacterial inflammation of the anterior part of the eyes (e.g., postoperative states).[]
Diclofenac is often used to treat chronic pain associated with , in particular if inflammation is also present (Step I of the
scheme for treatment of chronic pain).
Dyloject (diclofenac) 2 ml for
administration
Diclofenac can be combined with opioids if needed. Under trade names such as Combaren and Voltaren Plus, a fixed combination of diclofenac and
(50 mg each) is available in Europe.
Treatment can be terminated as soon as the usual treatment with radiation and/or chemotherapy causes remission of fever.
Sintofarm (diclofenac) for
administration
Diclofenac has been found to increase the blood pressure in patients with
and .[] Currently, this use is highly investigative and cannot be recommended as routine treatment.
Diclofenac has been found effective against all strains of multidrug-resistant E. coli, with a
of 25 micrograms/ml. Therefore, it may have the capacity to treat uncomplicated urinary tract infections caused by . It has also shown effectiveness in treating Salmonella infections in mice, and is under investigation for the treatment of tuberculosis.
Hypersensitivity against diclofenac
History of allergic reactions (, , , ) following the use of
or another NSAID
Active stomach and/or duodenal
Inflammatory bowel disease such as
Severe insufficiency of the heart (NYHA III/IV)
Pain management in the setting of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery
Severe liver insufficiency (Child-Pugh Class C)
Severe renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance &30 ml/min)
Caution in patients with pre-existing , as diclofenac may trigger attacks
Caution in patients with severe, active bleeding such as cerebral hemorrhage
NSAIDs in general should be avoided during , as it induces (often severe) capillary leakage and subsequent heart failure.
caution in patients with fluid retention or heart failure.
can lead to onset of new hypertension or worsening of pre-existing hypertension
can cause serious skin adverse events such as exfoliative dermatitis, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS), and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), which can be fatal.
Diclofenac consumption has been associated with significantly increased vascular and coronary risk in a study including coxib, diclofenac, ibuprofen and naproxen. Upper gastrointestinal complicatIons were also reported. Major vascular events were increased by about a third by diclofenac, chiefly due to an increase in major coronary events. Compared with placebo, of 1000 patients allocated to diclofenac for a year, three more had major vascular events, one of which was fatal. Vascular death was increased significantly by diclofenac.
In 2013, a study funded by core grants from the UK Medical Research Council and the British Heart Foundations, and collaboration coordinated by the Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU) at the University of Oxford, UK; major vascular events were increased by about a third by diclofenac (rate ratio 1·41,95% CI 1·12–1·78; p=0·0036), chiefly due to an increase in major coronary events (1·70, 1·19–2·41; p=0·0032). Compared with placebo, of 1000 patients allocated to diclofenac for a year, three more had major vascular events, one of which was fatal. Vascular death was increased significantly by diclofenac (1·65, 0·95–2·85, p=0·0187).
Following the identification of increased risks of heart attacks with the selective
in 2004, attention has focused on all the other members of the NSAIDs group, including diclofenac. Research results are mixed, with a meta-analysis of papers and reports up to April 2006 suggesting a relative increased rate of heart disease of 1.63 compared to nonusers. Professor Peter Weissberg, Medical Director of the British Heart Foundation said, "However, the increased risk is small, and many patients with chronic debilitating pain may well feel that this small risk is worth taking to relieve their symptoms". Only
was found not to increase the r however, this is known to have a higher rate of gastric ulceration than diclofenac.
A subsequent large study of 74,838 users of NSAIDs or
found no additional cardiovascular risk from diclofenac use. A very large study of 1,028,437 Danish users of various NSAIDs or coxibs found the "Use of the nonselective NSAID diclofenac and the selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor rofecoxib was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular death (odds ratio, 1.91; 95% confidence interval, 1.62 to 2.42; and odds ratio, 1.66; 95% confidence interval, 1.06 to 2.59, respectively), with a dose-dependent increase in risk." In Britain the
(MHRA) said in June 2013 that the drug should not be used by people with serious underlying heart conditions—people who had suffered heart failure, heart disease or a stroke were advised to stop using it completely. As of January 15 2015 the MHRA announced that diclofenac will be reclassified as a prescription-only medicine (POM) due to the risk of cardiovascular adverse events.
Diclofenac is similar in COX-2 selectivity to . A review by FDA Medical Officer David Graham concluded diclofenac does increase the risk of .
Gastrointestinal complaints are most often noted. The development of ulceration and/or bleeding requires immediate termination of treatment with diclofenac. Most patients receive a gastro-protective drug as prophylaxis during long-term treatment (,
150 mg at bedtime or
20 mg at bedtime).
Liver damage occurs infrequently, and is usually reversible.
may occur rarely without any warning symptoms and may be fatal. Patients with
more often develop symptomatic liver disease than patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Liver function should be monitored regularly during long-term treatment. If used for the short-term treatment of pain or fever, diclofenac has not been found more hepatotoxic than other NSAIDs.
As of December 2009, Endo, Novartis, and the US FDA notified healthcare professionals to add new warnings and precautions about the potential for elevation in liver function tests during treatment with all products containing diclofenac sodium.
Cases of drug-induced hepatotoxicity have been reported in the first month, but can occur at any time during treatment with diclofenac.
has reported cases of severe hepatic reactions, including liver necrosis, jaundice, fulminant hepatitis with and without jaundice, and liver failure. Some of these reported cases resulted in fatalities or liver transplantation.
Physicians should measure transaminases periodically in patients receiving long-term therapy with diclofenac. Based on clinical trial data and postmarketing experiences, transaminases should be monitored within 4 to 8 week after initiating treatment with diclofenac.
NSAIDs "are associated with adverse renal [kidney] effects caused by the reduction in synthesis of renal prostaglandins" in sensitive persons or animal species, and potentially during long-term use in nonsensitive persons if resistance to side effects decreases with age. However, this side effect cannot be avoided merely by using a COX-2 selective inhibitor because, "Both isoforms of COX, COX-1 and COX-2, are expressed in the kidney... Consequently, the same precautions regarding renal risk that are followed for nonselective NSAIDs should be used when selective COX-2 inhibitors are administered." However, diclofenac appears to have a different mechanism of renal toxicity.
Studies in Pakistan showed diclofenac caused acute kidney failure in vultures when they ate the carcasses of animals that had recently been treated with it. Drug-sensitive species and individual humans are initially assumed to lack genes expressing specific drug detoxification enzymes.[]
Mental health side effects have been reported. These symptoms are rare, but exist in significant enough numbers to include as potential side effects. These include depression, anxiety, irritability, nightmares, and psychotic reactions.
Diclofenac and other NSAIDs can cause temporary infertility in women, particularly those who take it regularly. NSAIDs have been known to cause luteinized unruptured follicle syndrome, which delays or prevents ovulation.
Bone marrow depression is noted infrequently (, ,
with/without purpura, ). These conditions may be life-threatening and/or irreversible, if detected too late. All patients should be monitored closely. Diclofenac is a weak and reversible inhibitor of thrombocytic aggregation needed for normal coagulation.
It induces warm antibody hemolytic anemia by inducing antibodies to R
also does this.
Diclofenac may disrupt the normal menstrual cycle.
Research (published 2010) has linked use of diclofenac to an increased risk of .
The primary mechanism responsible for its , , and
action is thought to be inhibition of
synthesis by inhibition of
(COX). It also appears to exhibit bacteriostatic activity by inhibiting bacterial DNA synthesis.
Inhibition of COX also decreases prostaglandins in the
of the stomach, making it more sensitive to corrosion by .[] This is also the main side effect of diclofenac. Diclofenac has a low to moderate preference to block the COX2-isoenzyme (approximately 10-fold) and is said to have, therefore, a somewhat lower incidence of gastrointestinal complaints than noted with
The action of one single dose is much longer (6 to 8 hr) than the very short half-life of the drug indicates.[] This could be partly because it persists for over 11 hours in .
Diclofenac may also be a unique member of the NSAIDs. Some evidence indicates it inhibits the
pathways,[] thus reducing formation of the
(also pro-inflammatory ). It also may inhibit
as part of its mechanism of action. These additional actions may explain its high potency - it is the most potent NSAID on a broad basis.
Marked differences exist among NSAIDs in their selective inhibition of the two subtypes of cyclooxygenase,
and .[] Much pharmaceutical drug design has attempted to focus on selective COX-2 inhibition as a way to minimize the gastrointestinal side effects of NSAIDs such as aspirin. In practice, use of some
with their
has led to massive numbers of patient family lawsuits alleging wrongful death by , yet other significantly COX-selective NSAIDs, such as diclofenac, have been well tolerated by most of the population.[]
Besides the well-known and often-cited COX-inhibition, a number of other molecular targets of diclofenac possibly contributing to its pain-relieving actions have recently been identified. These include:
Blockage of voltage-dependent sodium channels (after activation of the channel, diclofenac inhibits its reactivation also known as phase inhibition)[]
Blockage of acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs)
Positive allosteric modulation of KCNQ- and BK-potassium channels (diclofenac opens these channels, leading to hyperpolarization of the cell membrane)[]
Ecological effects[]
Main article:
Use of diclofenac in animals has been reported to have led to a sharp decline in the
population in the Indian subcontinent – a 95% decline by 2003 and a 99.9% decline by 2008. The mechanism is presumed to be , however toxicity may be due to direct
in vultures. Vultures eat the carcasses of
that have been administered veterinary diclofenac, and are poisoned by the accumulated chemical, as vultures do not have a particular enzyme to break down diclofenac. At a meeting of the National Wildlife Board in March 2005, the Government of India announced it intended to phase out the veterinary use of diclofenac.
is a safer candidate to replace use of diclofenac. It is more expensive than diclofenac, but the price is coming down as more drug companies begin to manufacture it.
have same vulnerability to diclofenac as vultures and may also fall victim to it. Diclofenac has been shown also to harm freshwater fish species such as rainbow trout. In contrast, , such as the , can tolerate at least 100 times the level of diclofenac that is lethal to
"The loss of tens of millions of vultures over the last decade has had major ecological consequences across the Indian Subcontinent that pose a potential threat to human health. In many places, populations of feral
(Canis familiaris) have increased sharply from the disappearance of
vultures as the main scavenger of wild and domestic
carcasses. Associated with the rise in dog numbers is an increased risk of " and casualties of almost 50,000 people. The Government of India cites this as one of those major consequences of a vulture species extinction. A major shift in transfer of corpse pathogens from vultures to feral dogs and rats could lead to a disease pandemic causing millions of deaths in a crowded country like I whereas vultures’ digestive systems safely destroy many species of such pathogens.
The loss of vultures has had a social impact on the Indian
Parsi community, who traditionally use vultures to dispose of human corpses in , but are now compelled to seek alternative methods of disposal.
The resulting multiplication of feral dogs in India and Pakistan has caused a multiplication of
feeding on those dogs and invading urban areas looking for dogs as prey, resulting in occasional attacks on human children.
Diclofenac has been recently authorised for use on cattle and pigs in , and is now becoming widely available in other
countries.
Pennsaid is a minimally systemic prescription topical lotion formulation of 1.5% w/w diclofenac sodium, which is approved in the US, Canada and other countries for osteoarthritis of the knee.
Flector Patch, a minimally systemic topical patch formulation of diclofenac, is indicated for acute pain due to minor sprains, strains, and contusions. The patch has been approved in many other countries outside the US under different brand names.
Voltaren and Voltarol contain the sodium salt of diclofenac. In the , Voltarol can be supplied with either the sodium salt or the potassium salt, while Cataflam, sold in some other countries, is the potassium salt only. However, Voltarol Emulgel contains diclofenac diethylammonium, in which a 1.16% concentration is equivalent to a 1% concentration of the sodium salt.
Diclofenac is available in stomach acid-resistant formulations (25 and 50 ), fast-disintegrating oral formulations (25 and 50 mg), powder for oral solution (50 mg), slow- and controlled-release forms (75, 100 or 150 mg), suppositories (50 and 100 mg), and injectable forms (50 and 75 mg).
Diclofenac is also available
in some countries: 12.5 mg diclofenac as potassium salt in
(Voltaren dolo), the
(Voltaren K), and preparations containing 25 mg diclofenac as the potassium salt in
(various trade names), , , , (Voltaren Rapid), and
(Voltaren T and Diclofenac T). Diclofenac as potassium salt can be found throughout the Middle East in 25-mg and 50-mg doses (Cataflam). Solaraze (3% diclofenac sodium gel) is topically applied, twice a day for three months, to manage the skin condition known as actinic or . Parazone-DP is combination of diclofenac potassium and paracetamol, manufactured and supplied by Ozone Pharmaceuticals and Chemicals, Gujarat,India.
On 14 January 2015, diclofenac oral preparations were reclassified as prescription-only medicines in the UK. The topical preparations are still available without prescription.
Diclofenac formulations are available worldwide under many different trade names.
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NSAIDS, Aspirin & Infertility
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Nature Shock, UK
television, Tuesday 7 Sept 2010,8 to 9 pm.
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